I don't know what they actually do but one possibly is to look for (absence of) the TLS handshake. Or maybe they simply infect all devices on the Chinese market with MITM certificates to be able to decrypt all TLS encrypted traffic. Should be easy to force companies to do that in such a country.
Imho, we're not going to change anything big enough to make a change. We're going to adapt to whatever consequences will arise. At least the ones that have the resources to do so. Let's not talk about the poor countries..
Either you make products that people want or you don't, it seems pretty simple to me.
Imo even big companies fail to realize that they don't know (or care) anymore what the customers want. Marketing used to be: analyze the market and find out what's a good product to sell. Nowadays marketing is: make personalized ads and try to push whatever crap is cheap to produce to people who don't realize they don't even want this. Also make it look a lot better than it actually is.
Samsung, stop trying to imitate Apple, it's no use. You don't have the vendor lock-in and cult-like status to pull that off. Just make good products at affordable prices. Ask the customers what they want, it's that easy.
You don't really have to choose. I have WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal and Threema installed all at the same time. I don't like Apple and since there's no iMessage for Android (I guess), I can't use that. But that's not really my choice, it's Apple's choice. I won't let them lock me down into their ecosystem. Just send SMSes to the people you only have on iMessage and that don't understand why they are implicitly forcing their opinion on others.
tl;dr Language evolution and future outlook are big factors besides the existing language features themselves.
I guess Rust has attracted many C++ devs because C++ is painful and there were no other/better options. Rust comes with a build/dependency management system and memory safety guarantees on top of the type safety. Even though C++ templates are still unmatched, I prefer Rust 95% of the time. C++ is evolving very slow and it's extremely hard to participate. Rust will win that race eventually.
Python has been around since 1991(!) and it took a looong time to build the community. It was a niche like Nim is now for many years.
I'll definitely keep an eye on Nim because it has the potential to become quite popular.
I have to disagree with your "when use what" list. Python has production ready web backend frameworks, Rust is perfectly fine for complex and high-level software, and PHP is mostly obsolete. That's my humble opinion though. I looked into Nim and like many of the concepts. It's quite complex and I prefer Rust most of the time when Nim would be an option. I'd argue it's some kind of "jack of all trades". A bit like python but compiled, ref-counted, and probably a lot faster. It's lacking the huge community python has though.
I'm German and I can tell you that the state-owned vs private discussion is quite complex. In Germany the train, post service, telephone/internet, and many more things were state-owned not to long ago (about 20-25 years most of them). Nowadays many of them are private. The train is expensive, run down and horribly unreliable. The CEOs have salaries going up to almost a million Euros per year. Our health system is the 2nd most expensive one in the world and it's quite a shit-show. Mobile internet is expensive, even though there is some competition in that market.
There are simply things that shouldn't be optimized to make the biggest profit but to profit the people! Education, health and housing are good examples.
Imho, without hardware support they won't be able to keep up against the hackers. In the end it's software and it's running on hardware outside of the control of the server. There are millions of possible attacks to break/bypass this.
For me it's 13 because it's the "wrongest" one. Every single number in the term is even so you'd expect people to at least choose something that is even, too. Not only is 13 odd, it's a friggin prime..
I don't know what they actually do but one possibly is to look for (absence of) the TLS handshake. Or maybe they simply infect all devices on the Chinese market with MITM certificates to be able to decrypt all TLS encrypted traffic. Should be easy to force companies to do that in such a country.