LocalSend or KDE Connect.
Syncthing if you need to sync files (Like an important documents folder that always needs to be up to date between your PC and Phone)
Yes, with a virtual machine. But the experience will not be the best because the VM will lack a GPU.
I'm sure there is ways to share some resources of the GPU with the VM to have a smoother experience but I have never done that on Windows
Ruby? I'm in. (Although I use Crystal but the syntax is similar)